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There is no doubt in anyone's mind that the air traffic control system is overwhelm with a shortage in controllers & talent. There has been a steady increase in passengers traveling since the year 2000. But, with the collapse of several airlines early this year it may help to reduce some saturation of traffic. The main problem is a shortage of skilled air traffic controllers combined with a rise of air traffic. This has been a problem ever since President Ronald Regan fired 13,000 striking controllers back in 1981. Just when controllers were starting to meet the demands of staffing, they then all of a certain started to get a high percentage of retirements. It also takes years in training to become an air traffic controller. For instance, once you graduate from the FAA academy you have the skills for only basic level developmental controllers. This is sort of like an apprentice. You may assist controllers with paperwork, but will have little real time hands on working with actual aircraft. It takes about 2-4 years of additional on the job training to be fully certified as a air traffic controller. With more people retiring then are becoming fully certified you could see how easy it is to be short of staff.
The results of the air traffic controller shortage is an increase in runway incursions. A runway incursion is when an aircraft, or vehicle crosses the boundary of the runway of another aircraft without permission. These types of mishaps caused by a number of factors from overworked controllers, pilot errors, or airport operations errors. In fact, two years ago a Comair commuter flight departing from Lexington ,Kentucky crashed after taking off from the wrong runway. Everyone on flight 5191 died except for several people. The NTSB ruled multiple causes for the crash. Most notable was that only one air traffic controller was on duty that morning . This has been a trend I myself notice at certain airports. They have one controller working multiple frequencies such as ground controller, tower control, & clearance combined by one person. This accident in Kentucky was the last accident in recent history that the NTSB said air traffic control contributed to the accident. There's no doubt in my mind that had another controller been on duty that day, that there may have been a different outcome. Two heads are better then one. When one pilot makes a mistake in the cockpit ninety percent of the time the second pilot catches it. However, one of the most famous runway incursions & worst accident in aviation history occurred in 1977 in Tenerife, Canary Islands. Two B-747's crashed on the runway. The Pan Am plane flight 1736 had permission to taxi on the runway. The other aircraft was a KLM Dutch flight 4805 that was told to line up & wait which means to hold into position & wait for clearance for takeoff. The KLM flight led by Captain Jacob Van Zanten mistook the clearance for cleared for takeoff. Both aircraft collided at a high rate of speed with a full load of fuel. Over 500 people died in this one accident.
Today, there had been many new innovations to help prevent another Tenerife. One of the latest is ground radar that allows air traffic controllers to see aircraft taxing on the ground. This will help them to catch pilot mistakes early. Another invention is the Tcas system. Tcas stands for traffic collision avoidance system. This came about in the early 1990's. The way Tcas works is in flight a transponder signal is send to any aircraft that comes to close to another aircraft. The two aircraft Tcas computers communicate through signal to warn each other which way to deviate to avoid collision. The system works really well & reduces the workload on both pilots & controllers. Since the 1990's, the FAA has been changing airport signs to make them easier for pilots to understand. All of these efforts including better situational awareness has created a safer environment. However, make no mistake about it runway incursions still remain a perilous situation & more must be done to keep aviation safe.
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Buy cheap international flights is a challenge at times, as regards the flight cheaper. If you do not know how and where to buy a ticket, you can pay at the end of more than 3-4 times the normal rate published in its entirety.
Call your agent to see if Voyage Voyage to be better than you found it offers on-line. You can also filter, sort, and immediate results in terms of choiceHis airline, time and date of your trip and the number of stairs.
Waiting for last minute deals that would not be a good option in this mode, you can lose a lot of money and a waste of time
Day:
Avoid going on weekends - Friday, Saturday and Sunday. The international flights are generally higher for the day. Also, most carriers charge additional fees and costs of tickets for the weekend.
Month:
The international calendar for holiday travel is probably the best way to avoid overbooking flights and special offers. The hour, day, seasons, months, and it is very important to determine how much they are willing to pay for airline tickets international business.
Seasons
No return, while the peaks in summer and winter holiday periods. Flying in winter, except, of course, Christmas and New Year is the best way to save money.
Plan and buy in advance. Buy at least 3-4 months before> Travel information can really save a lot of extra dollars. Several times, the time depends on who you choose to book flights and availability of seats with low rates at this particular moment.
There is no magic formula or a set that can be activated and prices for international flights. Try all the options available and patience in research, search and compare all available flights low once.
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If you've flown a million times or it's your first time flying, you may find it hard to keep yourself entertained when you're in the air. Like a road trip, there are a million things to do but when it comes to thinking about these things, it's hard to make a list. Below are a few things you can bring on your next flight to make the trip a lot easier for yourself.
Bring ear plugs
Believe it or not, ear plugs are something that a lot of people tend to forget. If you haven't brought ear plugs on an airplane, you should try it the next time you fly. Ear plugs are generally found at any type of general merchandise store for as little as one dollar. If you haven't wore ear plugs before, they do a very good job at drowning out all of the sound around you.
Think of what you do at home
Before you go on your next flight, think of what you do at home in your spare time. If what you do involves electricity, it probably comes in a portable version. If you don't have the money to purchase this product, look into possibly renting a similar item or borrow one from a friend. If you like to play video games, you can look into getting a PSP or Game Boy. If you like to watch DVDs or TV, you may want to get a portable DVD player.
Before you do bring DVDs on board, check and see if your airline supplies TVs. Some airlines will supply in house movies for no charge. All you will need to bring are headphones. If you forget to bring your headphones, you can usually rent or buy them from the airlines for a few dollars.
Grab some snacks
Nothing makes time fly by like a little snacks. Most airlines allow you to bring small foods on the flight, so you won' t have to worry about it getting thrown away. If you forget food, most airlines will allow you purchase snack packs for a certain price. Some airlines have free snacks and drinks. Like I mentioned above, this all depends on the airline, they are all different from each other.
The easiest way to keep yourself entertained is to be prepared. A long book and magazine can take you a long way. A bad thing to do though when it comes to magazines is to purchase one magazine just because of the topic. You may find that the magazine is very dull and if this is the only source of entertainment you bring on board, you may find the flight to be even longer if you don't have any entertainment.
As mentioned above, the best thing to do is just to think of the things you do at home. Everything in today's world comes in a portable device. From laptops to DVD players, you'll be able to keep yourself entertained.
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Here are a few tips that a traveler should consider before he embarks on his journey
The must carry things are:
1) A passport, wallet to carry your passport and supporting documents.
2) Travel brochures and maps for the place to be visited
3) If you are carrying any valuables in luggage's, then hide them in the lower section of the bags.
4) Check the weather history/forecast for the area you are visiting.
5) Before you go to bed at night, turn the bathroom light on and leave its door open just a crack.
6) Avoid packing a lot of needless clothes.
7) Never let the real thing out of your sight.
8) Do not accept an offer to share a taxi to your hotel unless you know the individual.
Tips for the stay in a hotel
1) Obtain a safety box upon check-in, for your passport, visa airlines ticket, most of your cash, jewellery and valuables. Carry only passport photocopy.
2) Avoid displaying the sign requesting room-cleaning service.
3) Keep a television or radio switched on in the room when out, it gives the impression
that the room is occupied.
4. When you are victim of a crime.
a) Don't resist robbers, as your life is more important than whatever you are carrying.
b) Contact the embassy and the appropriate airlines if passport or ticket is lost.
5. Always change money at a bank or hotel.
6. Never buy railway/air tickets or book hotel rooms through touts.
7. Be careful not to accept torn notes from anyone as no-one else will accept them, making them quite useless. Change is often in short supply, so try not to carry large denominations.
These were some generics tips and guides for a smooth travel, one must consider them for a hassle free travel.
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